Wellbore instability during the drilling of shale formation is the most troublesome and the costly issue facing drilling engineers. Early attempts to control these instabilities are the usage of appropriate additives in water based drilling fluids. This study aims to introduce a new water-based drilling fluid amine-based additive called tallow amine ethoxylate in order to hydration decrease and stability increase of shale formation. Shale hydration Inhibition performance of tallow amine ethoxylate was investigated through different experiments under various experimental conditions. The results showed that bentonite particles are not capable of being hydrated or dispersed in the mediums containing tallow amine ethoxylate, and also tallow amine ethoxylate had comparable and competitive inhibition performance with potassium chloride as a common shale stabilizer in drilling industry. Tallow amine ethoxylate is also compatible with other common drilling fluid additives. Some functional groups exist in tallow amine ethoxylate which are capable of forming hydrogen bonding with surfaces of bentonite particles, leading to decrease of water adsorption on bentonite particles’ surfaces which results in bentonite swelling reduction.

Nowadays, natural gas is used as a reliable energy resource around the world. Usually, natural gas requires sweetening processes before consumption and amine units are widely employed for this purpose. Amine unit is used for the separation of acid gases, such as H2S and CO2, from natural gas by means of amine solutions. Energy consumption of amine units is significantly high, due to considerable heating and cooling requirements, and practical methods that reduce energy demand are of interest. In this manuscript, a real amine unit of a gas refinery in Iran has been simulated and simulation results have been compared to actual data, available from the real unit and engineering documents. Simulation results have been found in good agreement with actual industrial data. After simulation validation, the application of multiple inlet amine lines to the absorption column has been examined by several simulations and the optimum location of amine entrance to amine contactor has been investigated. Research results have revealed that by the correct application of multiple lean amine streams, amine circulation rate can be reduced and 11% energy consumption reduction can be achieved. This study has been performed based on actual plant conditions without the usual simplifications used in similar studies.

In the present study, fractional crystallization of beef tallow was carried out through a dry process and in hexane as solvent using different temperatures. In the dry process, the melting point of tallow was changed from 45.6°C to 32.3°C for olein produced in the second step of fractionation. In the solvent medium of 65% hexane, the change in melting point was from 46.5°C to 28.8°C after only one step of fractionation. Solvent fractionation, however, especially at high ratios of solvent to fat, is costly and except when the production of high value -added products is in mind, this process is not economically justified. Thus, considering the kind of oil which is mostly demanded in country, using dry fractionation for the production of certain specific fractions of tallow seems to be appropriate.

Nonylphenol ethoxylate-6 (NP6EO) is widely used in industrial and domestic productsand easily detected in the environment. The toxicity and estrogenic potency of alkylphenols havebeen investigated in several studies. However, to the best of our knowledge available, acute toxicitydata about the effects of NP6EO on decapod and aquatic ecosystem in literature is yet scarce.Therefore, in this study the adult male and female whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, were exposedto various concentrations of NP6EO (0.04, 1, 5, 25, 125, 625 mL L-1) for four days. Acute toxicitypotential of NP6EO on adult P. vannamei was assessed by calculating LC50 for different times.Median lethal concentration (LC50) of NP6EO at 96 hours was 7.017 mL L-1. The LC50 of thiscompound revealed a positive correlation between shrimp mortality and exposure periods. The dataexhibited that NP6EO was considered as "toxic" to P. vannamei and further toxicity assessment toother species is strongly recommended

Introduction: Mutton tallow as an important source of animal fat has considerable concentrations of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol that can cause coronary – heart diseases. The main object of this research is to investigate cholesterol distribution in different fractions of mutton tallow.Materials and Methods: The fat was extracted by dry rendering of sheep tail fat under vacuum, followed by solvent fractionation at 25, 15 and 5°C This resulted in two solid, one semisolid and one liquid fractions. Qualitative and quantitative tests consisting of fatty acid composition, melting point, iodine value, saponification value, nonsaponifiable matter content, free fatty acid content, induction period and colour measurements were carried out on tallow and its fractions.Results: The results indicated that tallow contains 101.74 mg/100 g cholesterol that has been reduced by 74.24, 59.81 and 47.29% in the first, second and the third fractions respectively, and has been increased by 45.68% in the fourth fraction relative to the original tallow.Conclusion: According to the results the amounts of cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids in tallow fractions increased with decreasing the temperature of fractionation.